Nanoparticles with a wide range of unique features have been allocated many applications in the field of nanotechnology. Their special properties and their interaction with biological molecules have grabbed the attention of many researchers. These particles, because of their small size and unique characteristics, can be used in various fields, especially the life sciences. Because the lack of any logical model of nanoparticle and biomolecule interaction, their properties and influences on the environment have been evaluated using various separate and non-comparable studies. Nanoparticles interact with plants, animals, and humans and have various and essential impacts on them and these should be considered. The aim of this article is to conduct a morphological and proteomic study of the interaction of biomolecular, bacterial and plant models with silver nanoparticles. The findings are associated with trypsin and human blood serum albumin (as a molecular model), Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus Thurigiensis (as bacterial models) and Oryza sativa L. (rice) as a plant model.

Nanotechnology is getting an incredible drive due to the potential of manipulating metals into their nano-size particles. The synthesis and characterization of nanoparticles using green technology have many applications. The wet chemical techniques used presently in the synthesis of nanoparticles are deleterious along with flammable conditions. Silver nanoparticles have the capability of killing microbes effectively. This paper explains the green technology and pollution-free methodology for synthesizing silver particles at the nanoscale using 1mM silver nitrate solution from the extracts of Carica papaya, Emblica officianalis, Azadirachta indica, and Cocos nucifera. When the silver nanoparticles are synthesized the solution turns to brownish-yellow color. The tools used in the characterization of silver nanoparticles are Ultra Violet-Visible absorption Spectroscopy and Field emission Scanning Electron Microscopy. The solutions with silver nanoparticles showed the maximum absorption at 450 nm with Ultra Violet-Visible spectroscopy. It is found that C. Papaya and E. oficianalis showed the maximum absorbance of 0. 578 and 0. 59 respectively at 450 nm. The average range of the produced silver nanoparticles is analyzed to be 5-70 nm with FESEM and the shape is examined to be spherical.

Controlling the path of drugs movement is one of the processes that can effectively aid in treating a variety of diseases. For example, in chemotherapy, a small fraction of a drug is delivered to cancer cells and other amounts can cause destruction of healthy tissues of body, as a result, before destruction of tumors, the body might be destroyed. Hence tumors cannot be removed from the body completely. If it is possible to control the path of drugs, tumors could be removed with the least injury. One of the ways through which movement of the drugs could be controlled is Magnetic Drug Targeting (MDT). In this project, movement of magnetic particles and their interactions would be inspected in the blood with consideration of a constant magnetic field gradient. After introduction of governing equations and presenting a good model for the forces between particles, these processes are be simulated in the Fluent software. The model that is used is a vein with 8 mm diameter. The simulation was done from the time of injection over an 8 cm length of the vein. The base fluid is blood which is considered as a non-Newtonian fluid. Distribution of magnetic particles in the base fluid has been governed by multiphase approach. Simulation results show that residence time of the drug in the presence of magnetic field increases, which in turn increases the possibility of drug absorption.

In recent years, many studies have been done to fabricate super hydrophobic surfaces. These surfaces have slip condition which causes self-cleaning property and also drag reduction. The hierarchical micro/nanostructures which are coated with a low surface energy material are needed to fabricate high static contact angle super hydrophobic surfaces. In order to have thermal stability, chemical resistance and low surface energy Polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) is used in this research. To produce the super hydrophobic surface, an appropriate layer of Teflon is coated on the aluminum substrate and the micron sized aluminum particles are deposited on the Teflon layer by fluidizing method. Then to reduce surface energy, the second Teflon layer is sprayed on the top of the aluminum particles. At the end, using sprayed method the hydrophobic nanoparticles of silica are deposited on the surface as a final hydrophobic layer. The effect of Teflon thickness, size of micro-particles and addition of hydrophobic nano-particles are investigated. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the cured surfaces show that application of micro particles prevents the surface from being smooth after curing, creates appropriate micro-scale structures and also causes micro-scale cracks compared to smooth Teflon surfaces. The creation of these micro-structures leads to increasing static contact angle and decreasing dynamic angle of surfaces. By modifying the surface structures with aluminum micro-particles, Teflon layer coat and subsequent deposition of hydrophobic silica nano-particles, static contact angle of 165±3o and dynamic angle of less than 7 degrees are achieved.

The incorporation of boehmite nano-particles and its effects on the mechanical properties and bond strength of an experimental dental adhesive were studied. An adhesive solution containing ethanol, Bis-GMA, TMPTMA, HEMA and photo-initiator system (camphorquinone and DMAEMA) was prepared. Silanized boehmite nano-particles were incorporated into the adhesive in different concentrations of 0, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, and 5 weight percentages. The suspensions were ultrasonocated to facilitate the nano-particle dispersion. Degree of conversion of the adhesive under visible light irradiation was determined using FT-IR spectroscopy. Depth of cure, diametral tensile strength, flexural strength, and micro-shear bond strength of the adhesives were measured. Scanning electron electron microscopy was utilized to observe the fracture surface topography. The results were compared using one-way ANOVAand Tukey posthoc test at the significance level of 0.05. The results indicated that the diametral tensile strength, flexural strength, and micro-shear bond strength increased at nano-particle contents of 0.2-0.5 wt.% and beyond this range there was a declining trend (p<0.05) observed in all these properties because of the nano-particle agglomeration. No significant difference was observed in flexural moduli of the adhesives with different filler contents. The study revealed that the incorporation of boehmite nanoparticles may improve the properties of dental adhesives.